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CYCLES (Flowchart) & ATP CALCULATION 

AEROBIC RESPIRATION  ✅ Explanation of the Left-Side Diagram: Aerobic Respiration This diagram shows how the body uses carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins to produce energy using oxygen. 🔸 Carbohydrates: ▪︎Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. ▪︎Glucose undergoes glycolysis, forming pyruvic acid. ▪︎Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl-CoA. ▪︎Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, which occurs in mitochondria. ▪︎This process produces carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and energy (ATP). 🔸 Lipids (Fats): ▪︎Lipids are broken into fatty acids. ▪︎Fatty acids are converted into Acetyl-CoA. ▪︎This Acetyl-CoA also enters the Krebs cycle and produces CO₂, H₂O, and energy. 🔸 Proteins: ▪︎Proteins are broken into amino acids. ▪︎Amino acids are also converted into Acetyl-CoA. ▪︎Like the others, this enters the Krebs cycle and releases CO₂, H₂O, and energy. ✅ So, all three food types ultimately enter the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria through Acetyl-CoA and undergo aerobi...

🧬 MEIOSIS  Meiosis is a special type of cell division that happens only in sex cells (like sperm and egg). It reduces the chromosome number by half so that when fertilization happens, the number stays constant. ●Meiosis happens in two parts: 1. Meiosis I – Reduces the chromosome number (Diploid → Haploid) 2. Meiosis II – Like mitosis, splits sister chromatids --- ✨ STEP-BY-STEP SIMPLE EXPLANATION Meiosis I (Reduction Division) ➡ One diploid (2n) cell divides into two haploid (n) cells 1. Prophase I Chromosomes become visible Homologous chromosomes pair up Crossing over happens (exchange of genes for variation) 2. Metaphase I Paired chromosomes line up in the center 3. Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes move to opposite sides 4. Telophase I Two new haploid cells are formed --- Meiosis II (Like Mitosis) ➡ Two haploid cells divide into four haploid daughter cells 5. Prophase II Chromosomes condense again 6. Metaphase II Chromosomes line up in the center 7. Anaphase II Sist...

🌱 What is Mitosis? Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides to form two identical daughter cells . This is how your body grows, repairs wounds, and replaces old cells. 🔄 Steps of Mitosis (in Simple Words): DNA Doubling The cell first copies its DNA: 2n → 4n (Double chromosomes) Prophase Chromosomes become visible. Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindle fibers start forming. Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the center. Spindle fibers attach to them. Anaphase Each chromosome splits. The two halves (sister chromatids) move to opposite ends. Telophase New nuclear membranes form. Chromosomes become thin and invisible again. Cytokinesis (Cell Splitting) In animal cells , a notch forms in the middle and pinches off. In plant cells , a cell plate forms in the center. Result: 2 identical cells, each with same number of chromosomes as the original.

 🌿 Mansi's Corner of Cells & Science welcomes you all! 👩‍🔬 About Me Hi! I am Drx. Mansi Tiwari, a pharmacy graduate with a dynamic career rooted in international healthcare innovation. My professional expertise spans the medical device industry, specifically with Medtronic—an acclaimed, U.S.-based global leader in medical technology.☺️ Professional Journey💊 Academic Credentials: Graduated with a degree in pharmacy, equipped with an in-depth grasp of pharmacological sciences, therapeutics, and pharmaceutical care. Corporate Experience: Gained hands-on experience at Medtronic, where I contributed to high-impact projects, collaborated with thought leaders, and engaged with cutting-edge developments in medical devices.☺️ Commitment to Growth: Currently furthering my academic pursuits, remaining committed to continual learning and staying at the forefront of healthcare advancements.🥰 📚 Why This Blog? Working with students from Class 9 to 12, I noticed a recurring issue:  ...